Psychology Essays (607 words) - Behavior, Abuse, Human Behavior

Psychology The impact of bullying and cyberbullying on cognitive and mental health of the victim and perpetrator. Bullying is the use of force, threat, intimidate or aggressively dominate others. The behavior of a bully is often repetitive and habitual. There are different types of bullying verbal physical and with the new technology a different form of bullying immersed called cyber bullying. Cyberbullying is becoming very popular amongst the adolescents due to all the new technology. Bullies often like to target one's social class, race, ethnicity , sexuality, physical appearance and gender. Bullying has a very strong impact on both the victim and the bully. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The united kingdom and other european countries have no legal definition of bullying while the united state has very severe laws on bullying. Bullying is divided into 4 basic types of abuse; emotional, verbal, physical and cyber. It typically involves subtle methods such as intimidation. Bullying ranges from one on one, individual bullying through to group bullying, in which the bully ma have one or more bullies assisting.bullying in school and the workplace can be referred to as peer abuse. Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism. Studies show that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying. Some also bully as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or boost self esteem. Psychologist Roy Baumeister said people who are prone to abusive tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think to highly of themselves, are frequently offended by criticism and lack of defence of other people and react to this disrespect with violence and insult. Research also shows a lot of risk factor like depression and personality disorders, addiction to aggressive behaviors, and engaging in obsessive action. A study shows a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence. Research also found that bullying may be a result of genetic predisposition, brain abnormalities. During early adolescence parents teach emotional regulation and control aggressive behaviors, some children fail to develop these skills. Children may fail to develop these skills because of insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and some environmental factors such as a stressful home and hostile siblings. Research also shows that adults who bully will have authoritarian personalities, and have strong urges to be in control and dominate. Victims of bullying may suffer from future health risks. Dr Cook said that " a typical victim is unlikely to be aggressive, lack socials skills, think negative thought, experience difficulties in solving social problem, come from a negative family and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers." Victims of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems. Victims often develop depression, loneliness, anxiety low self esteem and increased susceptibility to illness and may develop suicidal behavior. While some people find it very easy to ignore bullies others may find it difficult to and reach their breaking point. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied commit suicide. According to Suicide Awareness Voices for Education, 16%of students ages 15-24 years old consider suicide , 13% percent create a plan and 8% have made an attempt. New perspectives on bullying by kenrigby Garbarino,j de lara, E.. The free press:New York Joanne Scaglione, Arrica Rose Scaglione By terrence Webster-Doyal. Book and teaching curriculum , by Paul Graham. This essay is an example of how even medium diffrences in hierarchal, Zero-sum, or negative environments, can lead to ostracsm or persecution.

Boots and Booty

Boots and Booty Boots and Booty Boots and Booty By Maeve Maddox The noun boot, meaning â€Å"a covering for the foot and lower part of the leg,† has been in the language since the early 14th century. The word existed in medieval Latin and entered English via French. The popularity of boots as footwear has never diminished, but our use of the word boot and similar forms doesn’t always pertain to the article of apparel. First let’s look at terms and expressions that do relate to footwear. bootleg: As a noun, bootleg is recorded in the 17th century with the meaning â€Å"the leg of a boot.† Nineteenth century American frontiersmen favored bootlegs as convenient places to carry knives and shooting irons. The term acquired its present associations with the illicit trading of liquor even before Prohibition became the law of the land in 1920; a handful of states outlawed alcoholic beverages earlier. For example, Kansas banned alcohol in 1881. A bootleg could conceal a small bottle of liquor. In current usage, bootleg denotes anything that is traded or trafficked illicitly: bootleg CDs, bootleg diamonds, bootleg babies, etc. As a verb, bootleg means â€Å"to traffic illicitly in liquor or anything else.† The verb bootleg is also an American football term meaning â€Å"to carry the ball deceptively.† bootstrap: as a noun, a bootstrap is a loop attached to the top of a boot to help the wearer pull on the boot. I’ve written about the figurative meanings of bootstrap here. boot camp: This is a term for U.S. Marine and Navy recruit training. The term boot as slang for recruit may date from the Spanish-American War. U.S. sailors wore leggings called boots and the term transferred to the sailors themselves. By extension, boot camp is now also used for any training camp or program that resembles boot camp by requiring rigorous training. The term can also refer specifically to a facility or program for juvenile offenders who are forced to follow a rigidly structured routine of drill and discipline. bootlicker: A cringing, favor-seeking toady is called a bootlicker: a person who would do any demeaning thing to please and flatter a person in power. You can find more terms for subservient people here. jackboot: a type of large, strong cavalry boot popular in the 17th and 18th centuries was called a jackboot; later it was worn by German military and paramilitary units during the Nazi regime. Even before its association with the Nazis, the term had acquired the connotation of military oppression. boot: As a verb, â€Å"to boot† can mean â€Å"to kick,† as in â€Å"They booted out the old superintendent and hired a new one.† As a verb in the context of computer use, boot derives from bootstrap. to boot: We still use the expression â€Å"to boot† with the meaning â€Å"in addition† or â€Å"as a bonus†: The guy’s a chronic complainer and a tightwad to boot. The most patient and behaved dog in the world (and she’s Irish to boot). We offer inexpensive prices for our AC and heating units and we will throw in a free thermostat to boot! The expression â€Å"to boot† comes from an obsolete noun boot, meaning â€Å"good, profit, advantage.† The related verb boot meant â€Å"to make better, to remedy.† You may have encountered the verb boot in Shakespeare: It shall scarce boot me To say â€Å"Not guilty.† Hermione, A Winter’s Tale, III.ii.24. booty: As a noun meaning â€Å"plunder, gain, profit,† booty comes from an Old French word, butin. As a noun meaning â€Å"a woman’s body (or a part thereof) as a sex object,† booty originated as 1920s black slang, possibly an alteration of another slang word, botty, meaning bottom or buttocks. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"Prepositions to Die With

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY - Essay Example Structure of Interest Rates The connection that occurs amid interest rates or the bond yields and dissimilar terms or developments. The word structure of interest rates can also be known as the yield curve and it shows a vital part in the economy. The word structure reflects expectations of marketplace participants’ almost future variations in interest rates and their valuation of financial policy environments (Greenwood 2010). Yield curves in the UK from 01.01.2008  to  31.12.2012 As far as Macro Economic Analysis Partition is concerned, the Bank of England estimates the yield curvatures for United Kingdom being on a day-to-day basis and are two types: the first one, customary, is located on yields on UK administration bonds (gilts) and comprises of nominal and real vintage curves and the increase period structure. The second one is founded on (LIBOR) i.e. Interbank rates that are sterling; earns on mechanisms connected to LIBOR, undersized sterling prospects, forward rat e bargains and LIBOR-based interest ratio exchanges. These profitable bank liability curves are minimal lone (Addison 1998). The government obligation nominal yield curves are also derived from the UK gilt prices and it offers an overall Security (GC) repo rates. The actual yield is copied from or they are derived from the UK index-linked bond values. However, by appealing to the Fisher relationship , the oblique inflation terms structure is therefore put in numbers and calculated as the change of rapid nominal frontward rates and rapid real onward real rates (section 2 makes clear exactly what these terms mean). The instruments used in the construction of the commercial bank’s liability curvature are first converted into synthetic bonds, and a similar technique is then used to crop the lucrative bank accountability curve as is used in the nominal inquiry (Gurkaynak 2012). Now, we are by means of the repo rate using asan flawed proxy for the riskless rate. In the approach to the end of the year, or the yearly the spread therefore widens. This result is known called the ‘year-end turn’ and can be detected in a number of ways in other markets. Without the three months at the end of the previous two years, the middling spread between the two rates has however, been about 35 basis points. Previously we noted that G Crapo (at least at two-weeks’ development) inclines to be biased on the downwards compared to the Bank’s repo rate. So about 15 base facts of this banquet are likely to be related to the liquidity and contract differences deliberated: Bonds of Zero-coupon, in order to do the price computation, together with the yield so as to extract the existing price of any fixed coupon instrument. In order to calculate the price’s yield, discount rates etc. Municipal, the treasury bills, existing bonds are utilized. To calculate price and extent callable bonds, agency options can be adjusted. Permanent and floating rates, the range, all are utilized in the computation of accumulated interest rates and the range. The shape of the yield was quite consistent with the main theories of the term structure, because

Explain the process of market segmentation. Why is it thought Essay - 1

Explain the process of market segmentation. Why is it thought necessary for a firm to target specific segments of the market - Essay Example In this era, there is no such thing as a standardized product which is suitable for use by all people. Hence, no firm seeks to target the whole market at large and it is highly difficult to target a large potential market with the same product and the same marketing strategies. No products except maybe staple foods such as fruits, vegetables, bread, butter, and other important dietary supplements are aimed at targeting the whole population of consumers and are standardized products. All other products or services are differentiated and conformed to the needs and wants of various target groups (Greenberg and McDonald, 1989, pp. 95-96). Differentiation refers to adapting the characteristics and marketing of your product/service to fulfill the needs and wants of a particular target market. In order to select the target market for product/ service, a firm must indulge in the process of market segmentation (Greenberg and Mcdonald, 1989, pp. 110-112). Market segmentation is the process of dividing the larger potential market into smaller groups according to similar characteristics. The segmentation can be upon the basis of several variables depending upon the product/service the business is offering and how it plans to target its potential audience. Several advantages of market segmentation enable a business to perform more efficiently and make the business’s selling/ marketing strategies more effective. The first advantage of market segmentation is that segmenting the potential market allows the business to be more focused upon a certain group of customers. This prevents duplication of resources and enables the business to directly target the segment that is more likely to be interested in their product/service offering rather than wasting time and resources upon targeting a massive market that may not be interested in the product/service at all (Yankelovich, 1964, pg. 75-77). Market segmentation allows the business to see the

Coporate Governance & Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Coporate Governance & Globalisation - Essay Example The troubles in the entire conglomerate culminated in the sale of this subsidiary. This report analyzes problems leading to the collapse and recommends relevant corporate governance measures, which would have prevented such managerial malpractices. Introduction Daewoo is a South Korean company founded in the late 1960s. It represented pioneering entities in the automobile sector in not only South Korea but also Asia. Kim Woo Choong played a vital role throughout the early years of the corporation. The entity benefited massively from the government’s goodwill. The government enacted policies, which ensured that the entity did not face major competition. Additionally, it offered credit to the entity at friendly rates. This reduced the overall cost the entity incurred. The reduction of cost gave the entity a massive competitive edge over rivals. This shows the impact of government’s goodwill on the entity’s fortunes. The success of the entity did not last long since it encountered major managerial problems. This write-up will analyze problems which this entity encountered culminating in its sale. Furthermore, it will propose corporate governance measures that would have impeded the chaos that emanated and led to its collapse. Daewoo’s history and managerial problems Daewoo is a conglomerate with numerous subsidiaries, which included Daewoo Motors, Daewoo Bus Company, Daewoo Electronics, Daewoo Heavy Industries and Daewoo Securities. This was a huge corporation with several subsidiaries and joint ventures. The sheer size and complexity of this entity made its management challenging. Managers in such an entity encounter countless constrains. The multinational had diversified its operations into several industries. Diversification enabled the entity to sustain its financial stability (Lopez 2000). The collapse of this entity resulted from some diverse factors. The government’s policies were key to the collapse of the entity. The gov ernment enacted protectionist policies. Such policies ensured that the entity got cheap raw materials. This reduced the entity cost allowing the entity to make phenomenal profits. Additionally, the entity got cheap financing from the government. Similarly, this reduced its costs availing more funds for further investment. The government also focused on policies, which favoured one entity. Therefore, the government failed to support emergence of other smaller entities. Therefore, such policies shielded Daewoo from competition, costly raw materials and high cost of credit. This provided a perfect market for the entity to succeed. The government seemed not to have a clear policy to ensure fair trade in its economy either. These policies were friendly to the entity since the entity gave political support in exchange for such skewed governmental strategies, which favoured the entity (Lopez 2000). The expansion of the entity entailed several five-year plans. These plans would outline what the entity should accomplish within the period. Daewoo Motors commenced operations in the early 1980s. Daewoo Group acquired an entity that was failing in the automobile sector owing to competition from Hyundai. Using its massive resources, Daewoo Group turned around the fortunes of this entity and renamed it Daewoo Motors. This acquisition added another subsidiary to the already expanding corporation. The Daewoo conglomerate seemed to be undertaking an expansion strategy. However, such a strategy

A Problem Question on Contract Law

A Problem Question on Contract Law Introduction A contract refers to an agreement between two or more parties which is legally binding in the eyes of the law. Based on Contract Act 1950, section 2 (h), an agreement that is enforceable by law is a contract. Any other agreements that is not enforceable by law is said to be void, section 2 (g). Therefore, section 2 (j) a contract which is ceases to be enforceable by the law becomes void when it ceases to be enforceable. A contract consists of 6 elements which is proposal (section 2) and acceptance (section 7). The agreement made must be certain and lawful to fulfill the requirement of entering a contract. The consideration (section 26) of a contract have to be in price theory or the benefit and detriment theory. Next, certainty (section 30) said that the terms and agreements of a contract need to be certain and clear. Besides that, all party in the contract have to be free consent, section 10. Lastly, section 11 capacity said that minors, person that disqualified from contracting by any law and unsound mind are not competent to enter a contract. Ah Beng Ah Beng wished to sell his 3-year old motorcycle. He have the intention to create legal relations, commercial contract. In a business contract the presumption is that there is an intention to create legal relations. Unlike domestic contract where agreement made between parties are stated as no intention to create such a legal relations. For example, agreement between spouses, between parent and child and agreements between friends. Case law Balfour v. Balfour. The husband promised to pay a monthly allowance as maintenance to his wife. The court held that it was not a legally enforceable agreement, the parties should be attended by legal consequences. According to section 2 (a), when one signifies to another his willingness to do said to make a proposal, Ah Beng is the offeror before he advertised the sale in a local newspaper. After the advertisement,he becomes an acceptor. Advertisement consist of two types of offer, Bilateral and Unilateral offer. Unilateral offer is a party (X) undertakes to do something is another party (Y) decides to accept by performing some lawful act specified by X. For instance, Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Carbolic Smoke Ball company made an offer to the pubic by issuing an advertisement saying that whoever still suffered from influenza after taking their product (a drug) will get  £ 100 in a specified manner and for a specified period of time. Mrs Carlill sued the company for the promise reward. The court held that the advertisement is an offer to the world. Referring to the Bilateral case law Majumder v. Attorney General of Sarawak 1967, a newspaper advertisement stated a medical officer war required and set out the salary scale. The Federal Court held that the advertisement in the newspaper for the post of a medical officer was an invitation to treat. Therefore the advertisement by Ah Beng is a Bilateral Contracts, where both parties make promises to one another, a mutual exchange of promise and this leads to invitation to treat. For example, a job advertisement is not an offer but an Invitation to Treat. The applicant is the offeror for the job and if it is accepted, the promisor is obligated to perform by giving the applicant a position and remuneration in accordance with the advertisement, a promise for a promise. Ah Beng and Ahmad Ah Beng called his colleague Ahmad who had previously told him that he is looking for a used motorcycle for his son for RM 2,500.00 in cash. As they discussed, Ahmad asked Ah Beng to hold the offer till end of the month and Ah Beng did not give an affirmative answer. Based on section 2 (a) , when one signifies to another his willingness to do said to make a proposal. Therefore Ah Beng is the offeror and Ahmad is the acceptor. However, the contract is not valid. There are components under Contracts Act 1950 to determine whether a contract is valid or invalid. When Ah Beng offered Ahmad at the first place, Ahmad request for extension, â€Å"until the end of the month†, setting a new request to Ah Beng. According to section 7 (a), conditional acceptance is no acceptance. Case law Branca v. Cobarro. Ahmad’s act has caused the contract to be invalid. Moreover, at the end of the conversation Ah Beng did not give an affirmative answer to Ahmad , section 7 (a) Acceptance must be absolute as referring to case law of Kam Mah Theatre Sdn. Bhd. v. Tan Lay Soon 1994. The acceptance given by Ahmad must be absolute and unqualified in order to make the contract between him and Ah Beng valid. After two days, Ahmad rang up Ah Beng’s house to inform that he is interested to buy the motorcycle and will go over the next day to make the payment of RM 2,500.00 after seeing Ah Beng has advertised to sell the motorcycle for RM 2,800.00 on the local newspaper. Unfortunately Ah Beng was not in and Ah Beng’s wife is the person who was answering the call. Based on section 4 (1) , a communication is complete when it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made. Refers to case law, R v. Clarke. Clarke was an accomplice to the murder of two policeman, the Australian published a notice granting pardon and a reward of A$ 1,000. Clark supplied the information but he admitted that at the time he gave the information he had forgotten about the reward money. The court held that he was not entitled to the reward as he was not aware of the reward at all. The contract is therefore invalid as Ahmad did not deliver his messages and offers to Ah Beng’s knowledge and not conforming to Section 4(2)(b). However, the contract can still be valid if Ah Beng give authorization to his wife to accept the offer on behalf of Ah Beng. This is illustrated in the case law Powell n Lee, the court held that there was no authorized communication made by the acceptor. Ah Beng and Maniam Maniam read the advertisement and went over Ah Beng’s house to look for the motorcycle. Maniam’s act is to inquire more information about the motorcycle. The conversation between Maniam and Ah Beng signifies that the advertisement made by Ah Beng regarding the motorcycle is uncertain as there are informations about the motorcycle that Ah Beng did not mention clearly in the advertisement such as the model of the motorcycle, colour of the motorcycle, accident free and current condition of the motorcycle have not been told from the advertisement. This have caused uncertainty for the consideration of an agreement, therefore invalid contract based on section 30. This scenario can be referred to the case law, Karuppan Chetty v. Suah Thian 1916, â€Å"lease at $35.00 per month as long as he like† is unacceptable by the court therefore declared void for uncertainty. Maniam noticed that the battery was weak and both of the tyres were worn off during the inspection of the motorcycle. Ah Beng immediately offered the price to RM 2,700.00 and has become the new offeror, on the other hand Maniam become the new acceptor. As the negotiation going on, case law Lau Brothers Co v. China Pacific Navigation Co. Ltd 1965, no agreement will be formed under negotiation. However Maniam agreed to bring the cash on the next day expecting Ah Beng to replace the two tyres with the new ones. It is a new condition set by Maniam, leading to a counter offer. Based on section 7 (a), the acceptance made must be absolute and unqualified. Therefore the contract is not valid as Maniam’s counter offer is a rejection of the initial contract, contracts subject to contract. The contract would only be valid if it is free consent from both parties. Refers to case law Hyde v. Wrench 1840, the defendant offered to sell his estate to the plaintiff on 6th of Jun for  £1,000. On 8th of June the plaintiff made a counter proposal, 27th of June the defendant refused to accept his offer. Two days later the plaintiff wrote to the defendant that he was prepare to pay  £1,000, the defendant refused. The court held that there was no acceptance as by rejecting the original offer the plaintiff had destroyed the offer. In effect the plaintiff is now making a new offer. By asking Ah Beng to replace the worn off tyres with new ones, Maniam has become the offeror again whereas Ah Beng as the acceptor of this new agreement. At the end of the day, Ah Beng did not give response to Maniam’s further request. Based on section 7 (b), Mental acceptance is no acceptance, silence will not amount to acceptance. Refers to case law Felthouse v. Bindley, plaintif’s uncle offered to buy a horse from plaintiff for  £30 adding â€Å"If i hear no more about him, i consider the horse mine at the price†. The court held that the plaintiff’s silence did not amount to acceptance of the offer. In this case, Ah Beng’s reaction towards Maniam is not an acceptance to the contract, therefore the agreements between Ah Beng and Maniam is invalid. Ah Beng and Jack A classmate of Ah Beng’s 16 year old son, also came to know about the advertisement. Jack immediately went over to Ah Beng’s house and gave five hundred ringgit in cash to Ah Beng’s son with a promise that he will pay the balance the next day after he gets it from his parents. Section 10 (1) states that if the agreements are made by free consent of parties for a lawful consideration are not hereby expressly declared to be void. Jack is willing to enter the contract by offering his money Ah Beng without being forced. Based on section 11 Capacity as per Age of Majority Act 1971, said that the age of majority to enter a contract is at the age of 18 and above. Case law Tan Hee Juan v. Teh Boon Keat, a minor entered into a contract of transferring land. The court held that the contract was void. Jack is a minor, 16 years old and incapable of entering a contract. Moreover, section 69 said that the necessaries suited to his condition in life is not valid. Case law Nash Vs. Inman (1908) a minor, who was already having sufficient supply of clothing suitable to his position, was supplied further clothing by a tailor. Unlike case law Scarborough v. Sturzaker 1905 where the minor needs a motorcycle to travel to work for 12 miles (19 km ) distance everyday. In this case, a motorcycle is necessaries suited to the condition in life. However, there are few exception for necessity which is valid contract. Such as marriage contract, case law Rajeswary v. Balakrishnan 1958. Case law Government of Malaysia v. Gurcharan Singh 1971 stated that scholarship contract is valid for a minor as education is a necessity nowadays. Insurance is also a valid contract for a minor. Based on Insurance Act 1963, a minor can enter an insurance contract if he is above ten years old. According to section 66, obligation of person who has received advantage under void agreement or contract that becomes void. When a contract becomes void, any person who has received any advantage under the agreement is bound to restore it, or make compensation for it to the person from whom he received it. Therefore, Ah Beng is obligated to restore balance, return the five hundred ringgit to Jack. Referring to case law, Thong Foo Ching Ors v. Shigenori Ono 1998. Conclusion In conclusion, non of the person above have a valid contract with Ah Beng. First, the communication is yet to be complete between Ah Beng and Ahmad as Ahmad called and Ah Beng’s wife is the person who answered the call (section 4 (1) Communication). Next, being silence did not amount to acceptance of the offer (section 7 (a). Therefore invalid contract with Maniam as Ah Beng remain silence. Next, the capacity of both parties must be competent to enter a contract in order to make it legal, section 11 Competent to contract. In this case the contract between Ah Beng and Jack is invalid due to the age of Jack, minor (16 years old) .

Priestleys portrayal of Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls Essay

Consider the ways in which Priestley's portrayal of Inspector Goole and the way in which he carries out his investigation of the Birling family and Gerald Croft create dramatic interest? 'An inspector calls' was written in 1945 by J.B Priestley. The play is set in 1912 and centres on Arthur Birling, a prosperous manufacturer and his family, who are celebrating the engagement of their daughter, when they are suddenly and dramatically interrupted by the arrival of the police inspector. The inspector, investigating the suicide of a young working-class woman, uncovers each of the family's shameful secrets that link them with the young girl and her death. Priestley was a strong believer in socialism, opposing capitalism which exploits and degrades the working classes to benefit the rich. Priestley believed that whether we acknowledged it or not, we are all part of one big community and have the responsibility to look after everyone else, no matter who they are or what their status is. In 'An inspector calls' Priestley tries to highlight these beliefs and educate the audience on how they should treat one another. This message was particularly effective to the audiences of 1946 as, weary from the Second World War they were looking for change. The Inspector's quote of 'Fire, blood and anguish' refers to the 1st and 2nd World Wars, would have had great emotional impact on the audience and caused them to think more deeply into the play and Priestley's message. During the Second World War social classes were forced to mix, children were evacuated to where was safest and not according to class, all young men were forced to mix in the Trenches and on the Front Line, the women left at home were forced to all work in the factories together, al... ...ugh they are his social superiors. He is or need not be a small man but however creates an impression of massiveness and of purposefulness; this comes across in the whole atmosphere he creates. He uses many tactics such as the photograph and graphically detailed descriptions to shock both the audiences and the characters. By shocking the audience he can best get across his moral warning and by shocking the other characters he can best get them to open up to him and admit their wrongs. The Inspectors overall approach to the investigation is totally irregular, which creates dramatic interest and in some points emotional conflicts which create tension and keep the audiences attention. But even after he has left, he is still creating interest and tension as the characters try to decide whether or not he was a real inspector and in fact whether or not he was actually real.